Ayn Rand

 {Alice O'Connor (born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum;[c{]|} {February 2|February 2,} [O.S.|Alice O'Connor, born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum. [c{] February 2,|February 2|February 2,} [O.S.} {January {20]|20|20th}{, 1905 - March 6| 1905 - 6 March| 1905 - March 6}{,|} 1982){, better known by| more popularly known as| is better known under} her pen name Ayn Rand (/aIn{/|Ayn Rand/}){,|} was {a Russian-born|born in Russia. She was an} American writer and philosopher.|Alice O'Connor (born Alisa Zinovyevna {Rosenbaum;[c]|Rosebaum;|- Rosenbaum,} February 2{,| February 2,|} 1982 [O.S.} {{She is known for her|She is famous for her|Her work is renowned for its} {fiction and for developing|writing and also for establishing|fiction as well as for the creation of} {a philosophical system she named|her own philosophical system, which she called|the philosophical framework she named} Objectivism.|Her {fiction is well-known|work is widely known|writing is well-known}{, as well as| and so is| and} her {creation|development|invention} of the philosophical {system she called|system she named|framework she named} Objectivism.} {{Born and educated|She was born and raised} in Russia{, she moved| She emigrated| her first move was} to the United States in 1926.|{She was born|Her birthplace was} in Russia and {raised there|was raised in Russia|was raised there}. In 1926, she {immigrated|emigrated|moved} to the United States.} {After two{ early|| earlier} {novels that were initially unsuccessful|novels that failed|novellas that did not succeed} and two Broadway {plays, she achieved|productions, she gained} {fame with her 1943 novel|notoriety with her novel of 1943|fame with her novel from 1943}, The Fountainhead.|{Her 1943 novel|The novel she wrote in 1943|Her novel of 1943}, The Fountainhead, was her first {success|major success|novel to be a success}. {She also had|She also wrote|Also, she wrote} two Broadway plays {and failed novels|as well as a failed novel|and a novel that failed}.} {In {1957|the year 1957}, Rand published her best-known work{,| which was| called} the novel Atlas Shrugged.|Rand's most {famous work|well-known work|famous novel}, Atlas Shrugged, was {published in 1957|released in the year 1957|published in the year 1957}.} {{Afterward, until|After that, up to|Following that, and until} her death in 1982{,|} she {turned to non-fiction|switched to non-fiction in order|turned to nonfiction} to {promote her philosophy|spread her ideas|further promote her philosophy}{, publishing| and published| by publishing} her own periodicals {and releasing|as well as releasing|and publishing} {several|numerous|various} {collections|collection} of essays.Rand {advocated reason as|believed that reason was|promoted reason as} the {only means of acquiring|sole method of acquiring|sole way to gain} knowledge{; she rejected|. She rejected|. She opposed} {faith and religion|the religion of faith and believed in|the faith system and religion}.|Rand {published her best-known work|published her most well-known novel|released her most famous work}{, Atlas Shrugged,| Atlas Shrugged} in {1957|the year 1957}. {She|Rand} continued to {publish|write} non-fiction {until her death,|until she died|up until her death} {in 1982|in 1982|in the year 1982}.} {She {supported|believed in|was a proponent of} {rational and ethical egoism and|moral and ethical egoism, and|rational and ethical egoism as well as} {rejected|opposed|disapproved of} altruism.|She was a {supporter|proponent|defender} of {rational and ethical egoism|egoism that was ethical and rational|ethical and rational egoism}{, and she rejected| and opposed| as well as} {altruism|the notion of altruism}.} {In {politics, she condemned|the realm of politics, she criticized|her political views, she condemned} the {initiation of force as|use of force as|use of force for the purpose of being} {immoral and opposed collectivism,|morally wrong and opposed collectivism,|unmoral and opposed collectivism} {statism, and anarchism|anarchism, and statism|anarchism and statism}.|She {opposed|was against|was opposed to} anarchism{, statism and|, statism , and| and statism as well as} {collectivism in politics|the concept of collectivism in politics|political collectivism}.} {{Instead, she supported|She favored|Instead, she favored} {laissez-faire capitalism,|the laissez-faire system of capitalism,|laissez-faire capitalism} {which she defined as the|which she defined as a|that she defined as the} system {based on recognizing|that recognizes|that is based on the recognition of} individual rights, {including|which included} {private property rights|property rights of private owners}.|She {supported laissez-faire capitalism instead|favored laissez-faire capitalism|was a proponent of laissez-faire capitalism}{, which she defined| which she defined| and defined it} {to be a system that|as a system that|as a system which} {recognizes individual rights and|recognizes the rights of individuals and|respects the individual's rights as well as} private property rights.} {{Although|While|Even though} Rand {opposed libertarianism,|was against libertarianism,|opposed libertarianism} {which she viewed as|which she considered to be|that she believed was} anarchism, {she is|she was|she's} {often associated with the modern|frequently associated with the contemporary|often associated with the current} libertarian movement {in|of} the United States.|Rand was {opposed to libertarianism|against libertarianism,} {which she considered anarchism|that she believed was anarchism|which she considered to be anarchism}. {However, she is|But, she is|However, she's} {often associated the|frequently associated with|often associated with} {the|movement of the} United States' modern libertarian movement.} {In {art|her art|the field of art}, Rand promoted romantic realism.|Rand was a {proponent|strong advocate} of romantic {realism in|realist|realistic} art.} {She was {sharply|adamantly|highly} {critical of most|criticizing the majority of|critiqued of the vast majority of} philosophers and philosophical {traditions known|tradition that were known|traditions that were familiar} to her, {except for|with the exception of} Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, and {classical|the classical} liberals.Rand's {books have sold over|books have sold more than|novels have sold over} 37 million copies.|Rand was {critical of all philosophers|skeptical of every philosopher|uncritical of all philosophers} and philosophical {traditions she knew|traditions she encountered|tradition she was familiar with}{, with the exception of| except for| and respected, with the exception of} Thomas Aquinas and classical liberals. Her {books|works|novels} have {sold more than 37 million copies|been sold to more than 37 million readers}.} {{Her fiction received mixed reviews|Her novels received mixed reviews|The novels she wrote received mixed praise} {from|by} literary critics, with {reviews|the reviews|critiques} {becoming more negative for|getting more negative about|being more critical of} her later {work|works}.|Literary critics {gave her fiction mixed reviews|have given her fiction mixed reviews|wrote mixed reviews of her fiction}{, with some expressing more| and some expressed more| while some expressed greater} {disapproval for her later works|dislike for her later work|negative opinions about her more recent works}.} {{Although academic interest|While academic interest|Though interest from academics} in her {ideas has grown|theories has increased|work has grown} {since|after|following} her {death, academic philosophers|passing, philosophers of the academy|death, philosophers from the academic world} {have generally ignored or rejected|generally have resisted or ignored|generally have not been awed or criticized} her {philosophy because of|theories due to|ideas due to} her {polemical approach|polemical style|political stance} and {lack of|insufficient} {methodological rigor|the rigor of her methodological approach|rigorous methodology}.|{Academic interest in her ideas|The interest of academics in her work|Interest in her ideas in the academic world} has {increased since her death|grown since her death|increased since her passing}. {However, academic|Academic|But, academic} philosophers {generally ignore or reject|tend to ignore or deny|are generally disdainful or dismissive of} her {philosophy|ideas|theories} {due to her polemical approach|because of her polemic approach|because of her polemical viewpoint}.} {{[3] Her writings|Her writings|The writings of her} {have politically influenced some|influence some|have influenced} right-libertarians {and|as well as} conservatives.The Objectivist movement attempts to {circulate her ideas, both|propagate her ideas both|disseminate her ideas} {to the public and|to the general public as well as|with the general public and} {in academic settings|within academic institutions|within academic environments}.|{[3] Her writings|Her writings have|The writings of her} {had a political impact on|were influential on the political views of|affected the political stance of} {some right-libertarians, as well|certain right-libertarians as well|some right-libertarians, as} {as|being a source of criticism for|in} conservatives. The Objectivist movement {attempts|tries to bring|is attempting to make} {her ideas to be circulated|her ideas to be disseminated|to spread her ideas} to the {public|general public}.}